 德國狼犬小檔案 起源：十九世紀。 原產地：德國 名稱：「GERMANSHEPHERD DOG」、「ALSATIAN」、「DEUTSCHER」、「SCHAFERHUND」 體型：牡：肩高24～26英吋（55～66公分），體重65～90磅（34～43公斤）。牝：肩高22～24英吋，體重55～80磅。 毛色：黑帶褐色、黑帶紅色、黑色、黑貂色、黑帶銀灰色等。另有白色、黃色、奶油色，但多半不被各國犬協認定。 披毛：粗糙厚實、雙層順直的中長度。 平均壽命：10至11歲。 智商：高。（排名第三） 活動力：強。 可訓練度：高。 性格特質：敏感、忠誠、勇敢、直覺。 與兒童相處：可，但需有人監看。 與其他寵物相處：可，最好自幼犬開始。 對陌生人的態度：保留、警戒。 AKC犬種群：牧羊犬組。 功能：家庭伴侶犬、守衛犬、監視犬、警犬、軍犬、搜救犬、牧羊犬。 飼育環境：最好是能提供工作及運動機會的郊區或農舍。 美容要領：天天梳理，除去裡層死毛，定時修剪趾甲及清潔耳部，必要時應給予洗澡。 ＡＫＣ流行排行榜：第三名（2001） 德國狼犬之所以廣受喜愛，完全是因有計劃的培育與不斷改良，使牠的性能達到完美境界。所以到底什麼樣的體型外觀及個性，才符合基本智勇雙全的特色呢？德國的德國狼犬犬種標準與美國的德國狼犬內容不完全相同，以下為您提供的是美國育犬協會AKC所公布的德國狼犬犬種標準，以及英文版的德國狼犬協會世界聯盟ＷＵＳＶ的犬種標準，也就是德國的德國狼犬犬種標準。 美國AKC犬種標準 一九七八年二月十一日通過，一九九四年七月十一日修訂
一般外貌
每隻出色的德國狼犬須給人健壯、敏捷、肌肉發達、警覺性高且充滿活力的第一印象。身體的前半段與後半段極為協調勻稱。牠的身體長度比身高還長一些，具厚實感，呈現出整體流暢曲線，而非明顯角度。牠看起結實而不是瘦長，無論處於靜態或動態，皆予人結實健康、肌肉發達及動作敏捷的觀感，而非笨拙或顯得無精打彩。理想的德國狼犬除了外表看來才華洋溢且充滿貴族氣息之外，基於牡牝性別差異，牡犬顯得更雄壯威武，牝犬則表現出較女性化。
整體比例及尺寸
牡犬的身高是24～26英吋，牝犬則是22～24英吋，因德國狼犬有身長比身高更長的特色，所以其標準比例是10比8.5。所謂身長則是指從胸骨至臀部骨盤後端坐骨處。且標準的身長並非指僅是冗長的背部，而是須視由頭部至尾部的長度，與身高的比例而定。
頭部
「頭部」精健，輪廓分明而不粗氣，尤其須配合身軀比例。牡犬頭部看起來須具陽剛之氣，牝犬則須具有女性的陰柔。「神情」須表現出敏銳、聰慧及冷靜模樣。「眼睛」大小適中，眼色愈深愈好。「耳朵」適中且直立，與頭骨成適當比例，並向前方敞開，當牠專心時會豎起，從正前方看起來，兩耳中線在標準狀態下互為平行與並地面呈垂直。斷耳或垂耳均屬失格。從正前方看時，前額適度拱起，「頭蓋骨」傾斜而入於長且呈楔形的口吻部位，而不會顯得短促。「口吻」部位長且有力，且鼻線與頭骨線呈平行狀。「鼻子」為黑色。如果鼻色不夠黑則屬失格。嘴唇堅實相稱。下巴發達有力。「牙齒」共有四十二顆，計為二十顆在上，二十二顆在下，上下門齒咬合如剪刀狀般切合，強而有力。上顎過於突出，或上下門齒呈水平咬合則屬不佳，下顎突出則為失格。具完整齒列者為優，除第一前臼齒外，任何缺齒皆為嚴重缺點。
頸、背線及身軀
「頸部」強壯且肌肉發達，線條明顯流暢勻稱，與頭部大小比例合宜，而無鬆弛的贅肉。當德國狼犬在警戒狀態或興奮時，會高舉頭部，頸子也跟著拉高，除此而外，在平時牠則將頭部保持向前傾而非上抬，此時頭部會高過肩膀以上，尤其是當牠在移動身體時。「背線」由略高的「兩肩胛骨間突起處」斜入平坦的背部，使背部看來平順、強健結實、不鬆垮，且相對顯得較短促。整個「身軀」給人厚實感覺而不笨重。「胸部」由於前胸骨飽滿，並與四肢形成良好支撐，顯得既深又寬闊，有足夠的空間容納心與肺。「肋骨」長且適度地撐開，既不是成筒形，也不至於太平淺地胸骨連成一氣，直達肘關節處。正常的肋骨組織可讓狗在小跑步時，順利縮回肘關節，如果肋骨太圓會造成干擾且使肘部外拐，太平或太短則會擠壓到肘部。因肋骨給予背部有力支撐，而使腰部相對地顯得較短些。「腹部」須結實無大肚子情況，下腹線則適度往上收攏於腰部。「腰部」從上方看來寬闊強壯，如果從側面看起來，在最後肋骨及大腿骨間顯得過長時，則屬不佳。「臀部」長且逐漸往下傾斜。「尾巴」毛量豐，最後一段尾椎骨至少須及於踝關節，平順接於臀部，呈低垂者較高舉者為佳。處於靜態時，尾巴會像軍刀般微捲，這個小勾尾有時會擺放在側身，如果太長損及美觀則屬缺陷。尾巴太短或僵硬則屬嚴重缺點。當狗在興奮或移動時，尾部曲線會更明顯且向上揚，但不可是往前垂直捲起。如有斷尾情況，屬於失格。
前軀
肩胛骨長且傾斜、平直而不向前傾。上前臂與肩胛骨約成直角相接。兩者均極有力。前腳不論從任何角度看均極筆直，骨頭呈隋圓型則較圓形為佳。足骹強壯有彈性，呈25度傾斜。前腳狼爪可能被除掉，但多半保留著。足部短，腳趾頭緊密拱起，肉趾厚實，趾甲短且色深。
後軀
從側面看，後腿部寬厚，上肢、下肢肌肉均極發達，且成九十度。當下肢骨頭與前腳上肢平行時，上肢骨頭則與肩胛骨平行。在踝關節及足部間的蹠骨短、強壯且緊密相連。後腿如有任何狼爪均須去除。後腿足部與前腿足部特徵相同。
披毛
標準的德國狼犬為中長度雙層毛，外層毛須濃密直而粗糙，平順伏貼在身上。如果外層毛微捲或生硬是可允許的。頭部包括耳內及臉、腿、趾部，均佈滿短毛，頸部則有長而厚的毛。前腳後方及後腿有些長毛，分別延伸到趾骹及腳踝。披毛缺點包括太柔軟、絲狀、外層毛太長、太亂、捲毛等。
毛色
德國狼犬的毛色很多樣化，絕大多數均被允許，並以深色為佳。但如毛色為蒼白、淺色及藍色、豬肝色等皆屬嚴重缺點，白色則為失格。
步態
德國狼犬是一種速步型的犬種，牠的體型也被發展成能迎合其在工作上的需求。牠的步態一般看來須呈現伸展性、彈性、看來不費力而順暢，有節奏感，能以最少的步伐數，跨越出最多的地面範圍。在走步時，以前、後腿大步跨出最大範圍，在跑步時亦以更長距離的大步伐有力地移動，看起來輕鬆、協調、平衡。總之其步態移動穩健，如同上了上等潤滑油的機器。無論前腳的伸出或後腳的推送都與地面非常貼近。要達到這樣的步態，必須有發達的肌肉與韌帶。後半身的傳動力，由一股強勁的往前推力經由背部傳送，將整個身體輕微往上提起，並將身體同時往前推進。後腳往前推送時，會超越前腳的腳印，後腳落地時會趾部會抓住地面，再由後腳腕、後膝關節及大腿來使力往後掃。整個後腳動作之完成，呈現出非常貼近地面且平順不費力。在後腳往前推進時，通常會造成一腳在前腳的內側，另一腳則在外側，這並非錯誤，除非這個移動沒有呈正常的直線。步伐傳送過程中，須靠結實的背部將後半身的力量，經由腰、背、兩肩順暢地灌注到前半身。跑步時，背部須保持穩定水平而無晃動或拱起情況，如背線不平，兩肩骨中間部份低於臀部則屬缺點。腳印看起很接近但不打結，從前面看時，前腳的運作是從肩膀至腳趾保持直線，從後面看，後腿的運作則是從臀部到腳趾成一直線。而不管從前面、後面或側面，看起來錯誤的步態，都被視為嚴重缺點。 性格
此犬種應具有明顯地勇敢無懼個性，但無敵意，愛表現、自信、冷靜、不會任意即刻接受不分青紅皂白的友誼。牠必須可讓人親近，能安靜在原地站立，並具熱心、機敏及服務意願，可隨時接受任何指派任務，如充當伴侶犬、警戒犬、導盲犬、牧羊犬、監視犬等。德國狼犬不可有膽怯，或躲在主人、指導手身後發抖情況，也不能有神經質、焦慮或緊張的表情，如夾尾巴及發怪聲或有可笑動作等。缺乏自信無論何種情況之下都屬不佳。上述性格均為缺點，尤其是膽怯，會被判定為非常嚴重之缺點，任何狗一經判定有此缺陷，將會被逐出場外。此外牠必須能讓裁判審查其牙齒、睪丸，如有咬裁判情況即為失格。所以理想的德國狼犬須具有堅強的性格及體格，加上合宜的步態來適任艱難的任務，而這也正是人們培育牠的主要目的。
失格
斷耳或垂耳。鼻子不夠黑。下顎突出。斷尾。白毛狗。試圖咬裁判。
德國狼犬協會世界聯盟ＷＵＳＶ犬種標準 1) Angulation and Movement（角度與步伐） The German Shepherd Dog is a trotter. His gait exhibits diagonal movement, i.e., the hind foot and the forefoot on opposite sides move simultaneously. The limbs, therefore, must be so similarly proportioned to one another, i.e. angulated, that the action of the rear as it carries through to the middle of the body and is matched by an equally far-reaching forehand causes no essential change in the topline. Every tendency toward overangulation of the rear quarters diminishes soundness and endurance. The correct proportions of height to length and corresponding length of the leg bones results in a ground-eating gait that is low to the ground and imparts an impression of effortless progression. With his head thrust forward and a slightly raised tail, a balanced and even trotter will have a topline that falls in moderate curves from the tip of the ears over the neck and level back through the tip of the tail. 2) Temperament, Character and Abilities（性格、特質與能力） Sound nerves, alertness,
self-confidence, trainability, watchfulness, loyalty and incorruptibility,
as well as courage, fighting drive and hardness, are the outstanding
characteristics of a purebred German Shepherd Dog. They make his suitable to
be a superior working dog in general, and in particular to be a guard,
companion, protection and herding dog. 3) Head（頭部） The head should be in proportion to the
body size (in length approximately 40% of the height at the withers) and not
coarse, overrefined or overstretched(snipey). In general appearance, it
should be dry with moderate breadth between the ears. 4) Dentition（牙齒咬合） Dentition must be healthy, strong and
complete (42 teeth, 20 in the upper jaw and 22 in the lower jaw). The German
Shepherd Dog has a scissors bite, e.g. the incisors must meet each other in
a scissorslike fashion, with the outer surface of the incisors of the lower
jaw sliding next to the inner surface of the incisors of the upper jaw. 5) Ears（耳朵） The ears are of medium size, wide at
the base and set high. They taper to a point and are carried facing forward
and vertically (the tips not inclined toward each other). Tipped, cropped
and hanging ears are rejected. Ears drawn toward each other greatly impair
the general appearance. The ears of puppies and young dogs sometimes drop or
pull toward each other during the teething period, which can last until six
months of age and sometimes longer. 6) Eyes（眼睛） The eyes are of medium size, almond
shaped, somewhat slanting and not protruding. 7) Neck（脖子） The neck should be strong with
well-developed muscles and without looseness of the throat skin (dewlaps). 8) Body（身體） The body length should exceed the
height at the withers. It should amount to about 110 to 117% of the height
at the withers. Dogs with a short, square or tall build are undesirable. 9) Tail（尾巴） The tail is bushy and should reach at
least to the hock joint but not beyond the middle of the hocks. Sometimes
the tail forms a hook to one side at its end, though this is undesirable. At
rest the tail is carried in a gentle downward curve, but when the dog is
excited or in motion, it is curved more and carried higher. The tail should
never be raised past the vertical. The tail, therefore, should not be
carried straight or curled over the back. 10) Forequarters（前軀） The shoulder blade should be long with
an oblique placement (the angle at 45 degrees) and lying flat against the
body. The upper arm joins the shoulder blade in an approximate right angle.
The upper arm as well as the shoulder must be strong and well muscled. 11) Hindquarters（後軀） The thigh is broad and well muscled. The upper thigh bone when viewed from the side joins the only slightly longer lower thigh bone at an angle of approximately 120 degrees. The angulation corresponds roughly to the forequarter angulation without being overangulated. The hock joint is strong and firm. The hock is strong and forms a firm joint with the lower thigh. The entire hindquarters must be strong and well muscled to be capable of carrying the body effortlessly forward during motion. 12) Feet（腳趾） The feet are relatively round, short, tightly formed and arched. The pads are very hard, but not chapped. The nails are short, strong and of a dark color. Dewclaws sometime appear on the hind legs and should be removed within the first few days of birth. 14) Color（毛色） Color should be black with regular markings in brown, tan to light gray, also with a black saddle, dark sable (black cover on a gray or light brown case with corresponding lighter marks), black, uniform gray or with light or brown markings. Small white markings on the forechest or a very light color on the insides of the legs are permissible though not desired. The nose must be black with all coat colors. (Dogs with little or no masks, yellow or strikingly light eyes, light markings on the chest and insides of the legs, white nails and a red tip of the tail or washed out weak colors are considered lacking in pigment.) The undercoat or base hair is always light gray, with the exception of that on black dogs. the final color of a puppy is only determined when the outer coat completely develops. 15) Coat（被毛） a) The medium smooth coated German Shepherd Dog The outer coat should be as thick as possible. The individual hairs are straight, coarse and lying flat against the body. The coat is short on the head inclusive of the ears, the front of the legs, the feet and the toes but longer and thicker on the neck. The hair grows longer on the back of the fore- and hind legs as far down as the pastern and the hock joint, forming moderate breeching on the thighs. the length of the hair varies, and due to these differences in length, there are many intermediate forms. A too short or molelike coat is faulty. b) The long smooth coated German Shepherd Dog The individual hairs are longer, not always straight and above all not lying close to the body. The coat is considerably longer inside and behind the ears, on the back of the forearm and usually in the loin area. now and then there will be tufts in the ears and feathering from elbow to pastern. The breeching along the thigh is long and thick. The tail is bushy with slight feathering underneath. the long-smooth-coat is not as weatherproof as the medium-smooth-coat and is therefore undesirable; however, provided there is sufficient undercoat, it may be passed for breeding, as long as the breed regulations of the country allow it. {Note: The SV no longer allows the long smooth coat with sufficient undercoat. New translation of the standard will be posted here when the English version is released.} With the long smooth coated German Shepherd Dog, a narrow chest and narrow overstretched muzzle are frequently found. c) The long coated German Shepherd Dog The coat is considerably longer than that of the long-smooth-coat. It is generally very soft and forms a parting along the back. The undercoat will be found in the region of the loins or will not be present at all. A long coat is greatly diminished in weatherproofing and utility and therefore is undesirable. Faults（缺點） Faults include anything that impairs working versatility, endurance and working competency, especially lack of sex characteristics and temperament traits contrary to the German Shepherd Dog such as apathy, weak nerves or overexcitability, shyness; lack of vitality or willingness to work; monorchids and cryptorchids and testicles too small; a soft or flabby constitution and a lack of substance; fading pigment; blues, albinos (with complete lack of pigmentation, e.g. pink nose, etc.) and whites (near to pure white with black nose); over and under size; stunted growth; high-legged dogs and those with an overloaded forechest; a disproportionately short, too refined or coarse build; a soft back, too steep a placement of the limbs and anything depreciating the reach and endurance of gait; a muzzle that is too short, blunt, weak , pointed or narrow and lacks strength; an over-or undershot bite or any other faults of dentition, especially weak or worn teeth; a coat that is too soft, too short or too long; a lack of undercoat; hanging ears, a permanently faulty ear carriage or cropped ears; a ringed, curled or generally faulty tail set; a docked tail (stumpy) or a naturally short tail. The above standard was approved and put into effect for the countries and clubs of the FCI. The name of the breed is the German Shepherd Dog. The country of origin is Germany. 文／比特族寵物雜誌提供 |